of the following four immunization routes, which one is the best route for protein antigens？ ( )
the substance that can activate a large number of t cells to produce immune responses at very low concentrations is called ( ).
the substance that can enhance the body's ability to respond to antigens or alter the type of immune responses when inoculating with or before antigens is called ( ).
theoretically, all foreign substances and own substances in nature can be antigens, but the antigens recognized by the body's immune cells are mainly ( ).
the determinant that can be recognized by immune cells and induce an immune response is called ( ).
the molecular basis of the cross-reaction includes ( ).
the denaturation of protein antigens may affect their immunogenicity, so it is necessary to use up the prepared vaccine as soon as possible to prevent denaturation from affecting the immune effect of the vaccine.
hepatitis b vaccine can react with antibodies against hepatitis b virus in vivo and in vitro, which indicates that the hepatitis b vaccine has immunogenicity.
siga generally can bind to ( ) epitopes of antigens.
which of the following fragments is produced by hydrolyzing igg with the pepsin? ( )
the ig molecule with the strongest ability to activate complement after binding with antigen is ( ).
which of the following statements about antibodies are correct? ( )
the role of antibodies in humoral response includes ( ).
the basic structures that all conventional antibodies possess include ( ).
for the characteristics description of various antibodies, which of the following statements are correct ? ( )
all antibodies are immunoglobulins, but not all immunoglobulins are antibodies.
conventional antibody in the monomer form is tetrapeptide chains consisting of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains connected by disulfide bonds.
briefly summarize the main factors affecting the immunogenicity of antigens.
compared with normal mice, mice immunized with antigens for many times have the larger and heavier spleens because of ( ).
b cells of humans and mammals mature in ( ).
( ) is the site where immune cells differentiate, develop, and mature.
thymocytes are derived from ( ).
which one is not the function of the lymph node? ( )
b cells in the mucosal immune system are mostly iga secreting cells. when activated by antigen stimulation, they proliferate and differentiate into plaa cells and directly secrete ( ), then play the role of local immunity.
in the thymus, thymic stromal cells(tscs) are interconnected into a network structure. these cells carry a large number of surface molecules and can secrete a variety of thymic hormones and cytokines, which provides a suitable microenvironment for the development and maturation of thymocytes. the types of tscs include ( ).
the functions of the spleen include ( ).
the reason the bubble boy, david vetter, had to live in a sterile environment is that he had no thymus. so he could not resist infection.
all cells involved in or related to the immune responses are immune cells.
the antigen presenting cell that can activate the navie t cells is ( ).
the characteristic marker of mature t cells is ( ).
the following immune cells without phagocytic function are ( ).
the following molecules expressed on the surface of b cells are ( ).
activated macrophages belong to ( ).
the following cells belonging to the professional antigen presenting cell are ( ).
the following cells having cytotoxic effects are ( ).
both cd28 and ctla-4 are molecules expressed on the surface of t cells. they bind to the same ligand and perform the same function.
the inventor of the cowpox vaccine is ( ).
the first antibody found in the world is ( ).
for the exploration of the mechani of antibody production, the one accepted generally is ( ).
the three functions of the immune system are ( ).
the function of immunological defense refers to ( ).
factors contributing to the rise of scientific immunology include ( ).
when the function of immune homeostasis is low, the body is prone to various neoplastic diseases.
immunity and infection are conflicting. in general, infection can elicit immunity and the induced immunity can terminate the infection.
people's understanding of immunity started from infectious diseases and anti-infection immunity.
in 1979, the world health organization (who) solemnly declared in nairobi, kenya, that “poliomyelitis” had been eradicated all over the world.