the basics of the common characteristics of microorganis is ( ).
the founder of bacterial staining and solid medium applications is ( ).
the first infectious disease that has been eradicated is ( ).
the scientist who first isolated m. tuberculosis, v. cholera and bacillus anthracis is ( ).
liszt's successful invention of surgical sterilization was inspired by ( ).
it is ( ) to indicate that microorganis are infectious diseases.
the development period in the history of microbiology is at the stage of ( ).
the scientist who discovered penicillin is ( ).
there have been three major pandemics in human history, of which the ( ) is commonly known as the "black death".
( ) is usually expressed in units of microbial size.
which of the following are the research results of pasteur? ( )
which of the following are microorganis that belong to prokaryotic cells? ( )
which of the following microorganis are not prokaryotic microorganis? ( ).
microorganis are the general and common name of microscopic organis invisible to the naked eye, and have no taxonomic significance.
microorganis that survive in extreme environments can also survive under ordinary conditions.
microorganis have the characteristics of all size, simple structure, single cell, rapid propagation, large number and direct contact with the external environment. these characteristics make microorganis prone to mutation.
the second "gold rush" in the history of microbiology is to find the metabolites of various effective microorganis.
pasteurization was established in the course of addressing "wine disease".
fleming's discovery of penicillin ushered in a new era of antibiotics.
the methods of preserving foods such as salting, sugar pickling, oking and air drying, which have been folk commonly used for a long time, actually prevent food spoilage by inhibiting microbial growth.
which of the following does not belong to the special structure of bacteria? ( )
the reproduction of bacteria first started in which of the following periods? ( )
which of the following is the place of energy metaboli in bacterial cell? （ ）
which of the following is the characteristic that distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes? ( )
the main component of the bacterial cell wall is ( ).
the unique component in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria is ( ).
the mycoplaa is ( ).
prokaryote with filaments is ( ).
the flagellum of bacteria is ( ).
the function of bacterial spore is ( ).
the three basic forms of most bacterial are ( ).
which of the following is the main mode of bacteria reproduction? ( ).
the reagents used in bacterial gram staining are ( ).
the specific structures of bacterial cells are ( ).
which of the following are the functions of bacterial capsules? ( )
the flagellum consists of the basal body, the hook and the filament.
the formation of bacterial spores is a way of bacterial reproduction.
nitrogen fixation is the role of heterocysts of cyanobacteria.
the sexual reproduction of yeast produces ( ).
( ) is produced by the asexual reproduction of mucor.
( ) is produced by the asexual reproduction of aspergillus.
which of the following is the function of vacuoles in yeast cells? ( ).
fungal characteristics include ( ).
which of the following belong to the cell structure of yeast? ( )
which of the following are the specialized form of vegetative mycelium without extension function? ( )
microalgae and protozoa are eukaryotes.
some fungal cells contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
both mold and actinomycetes are filamentous fungi.
four basidiospora can be produced on each basidiomycete cell.
what information can be encoded by most viruses? （ ）
which of the following viruses has a helical capsid? （ ）
the genome of a virus must be: （ ）
which of the following can be determined by the specific binding of virus protein to the cell receptor? （ ）
in which of the following way is a non-enveloped virus released, in general? （ ）
which of the following proteins are mainly encoded by viral late genes? ( )
pfu is: ( )
when does a phage begin to assemble in large quantities? ( )
what is a prophage? ( )
what is a viroid? （ ）
which of the following characteristics do viruses have? （ ）
which of the following are examples of the cytopathic effects of viral infection? （ ）
temperate phages exist in three states, including: （ ）
all the enveloped viruses have an icosahedral symmetry.
virus replication only occurs in living cells, so the process of virus replication is regulated by host cells.
when animal viruses infect animal cells, they usually leave their capsid outside the cells.
for most microorganis, which type of substance is the most suitable carbon source？（ ）
which of the following substances can be used as a growth factor ( ).
the nutritional type of cyanobacteria and algae is ( ).
chemolithoautotroph can be used____as electron donors. （ ）
the main difference between the medium of autotrophic and heterotrophic microorgani is ( ).
which mode of transportation changes the structure of the material when the transported material enters the cell ? （ ）
what is the way in which nutrients such as glucose and fructose enter the cell membrane of prokaryotes? （ ）
the ph value suitable for yeast growth is ( ).
the medium made up of natural organic matter with unclear or unstable chemical composition is called ( ).
which medium is suitable for the observation of bacterial motility ( ).
the principle of configuring medium is ( ) .
which of the following substances are growth factors required for the growth of microorganis?( )
which of the following are the characteristics of active transportation?( )
gelatin medium is used to identify intestinal bacteria.
which of the following types of fermentation is carried out through the hmp route ( ).
what type of bacteria is nitrosating bacteria and how to obtain energy ( ).
how do most microorganis in nature producing energy ( ).
which of the following microorganis can produce photosynthesis of oxygen ( ).
which of the following types of fermentation is carried out through the emp route ( ).
which of the following is the product of the ed pathway ( ).
there are many ways to regulate microbial metaboli, the most important of which is to regulate metabolic flow.
the principle of ultraviolet sterilization is ( ).
what is the most commonly used disinfection and sterilization method for air disinfection in burn wards ( ).
which of the following anabolic products of bacteria can be used for the typing of certain bacteria in epidemiological investigations ( ).
the most accurate way to count living microorganis is ( ).
which of the following preservation methods will reduce the water activity of the food ( ).
what determines the biomass of the culture during continuous cultivation?
microorganis whose optimal growth temperature is lower than 20 ℃ are called ( ).
the chemical reagent that can cause microbial death is ().
the process conditions for pasteurization are ( ).
which of the following does not belong to the propagation mode of bacterial iniduals ( ) .
the three basis points of the microorgani growth temperature include ( ).
prophage means ( ).
the process in which the recipient bacteria takes up the free dna fragments of the donor bacteria and obtains some genetic characteristics of the donor bacteria is called ( ).
to test whether a certain chemical or drug has the risk of carcinogenic and teratogenic, which of the following test methods should be selected ( ).
what is the cause of the bacterial mutation ( ).
transformation of lysogenicity ( ).
hfr bacteria is ( ).
which of the following is wrong about the characteristics of l-type bacteria ( ).
which of the following does not belong to the method of gene transfer and recombination ( ).
which of the following options are not characteristic of phage ( ).
which of the following statements is correct ( ).
which of the following statements about gene mutations are correct ( ).
which of the following is correct about the characteristics of l-type bacteria ().
the fluctuation experiment is one of the classic experiments to prove that nucleic acid is the material basis of genetic variation.
the relationship between normal human flora and humans belongs to ( ).
the microorgani with the highest biomass in the soil is ( ).
most pathogenic microorganis parasitic on plants belong to ( ).
frankia is ( ).
the optimal growth temperature for obligate thermophilic bacteria is between ( ).
the characteristic of forming a symbiotic relationship between two microorganis is ( ).
rhizobium can symbiotic nitrogen fixation with which plant?( )
( ) is the home base of microbiological life.
in the soil environment, most bacteria are found in ( ).
the soil provides a good living microenvironment for microorganis, the reason is ( ).
the following ( ) process is beneficial to agricultural production.
which of the following is a symbiotic relationship. ( )
the essence of combined nitrogen fixation is symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
salt-tolerant microorganis require high salt conditions to survive.
soil is a good environment for microbes to live, but most of them are uncultivable.
who put forward the three domain theory in 1977？( )
the basic taxonomic unit in the classification of microorganis is ( ).
the latin name of “金黄色葡萄球菌” is（ ）.
dna hybridization rate ( ) is used as the standard basis for the definition of bacterial species.
which of the following data is the most reliable basis for distinguishing microbial species?( )
the important work currently used for prokaryote classification and identification is also the most authoritative work is ( ).
the representative strain that can represent the typical characteristics of a strain is called ( ).
which three domains are included in the three domains theory.( )
the so-called "model strain" usually refers to the most representative strain within a genus of bacteria.
the most fundamental characteristic of the characteristics of microorganis is ( ).
which of the following options is not pasteur’s research result ( ).
the characteristic component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria is ( ) .
the main mode of reproduction of bacteria is ( ).
the life history of saccharomyces cerevisiae is characterized by ( ).
which of the following specialized form of vegetative mycelium has the extended function ? ( )
which of the following viruses are not subviruses?( )
which of the following options is not a feature of active transportation?( )
the formula of ashby nitrogen-free medium:mannitol 1%, kh2po4 0.02%, mgso4·7h2o 0.02%, nacl 0.02%, caso4·2h2o 0.01%, caco3 0.5%,among them,mannitol is ( ) in this medium formula.
which of the following microorganis do not belong to the type of chemoautotrophic?( )
which of the following reactions are not required for biological nitrogen fixation?( )
three basis points of microbial growth temperature is not included ( ).
the principle of ultraviolet sterilization is ( ).
which of the following statement about gene mutation is not correct?( )
which of the following statement related to the characteristics of l-type bacteria is wrong ( ).
the relationship between normal flora of human intestinal tract and human is ( ).
which of the following staining solution are used in the bacterial gram staining method？ ( )
which of the following options belong to the special structure of bacterial cells ( ) .
which of the followingis the function of the bacterial capsule?( )
the characteristics of fungi include ( ).
the principle for configuring the medium is( ).
from the element of the chemical composition of microbial cells, which of the following options is a trace element?( )
which of the following fermentation types is carried out through the emp pathway?( )
which of the following statement is not correct?( )
soil provides a good living microenvironment for microorganis, the reason is ( ).
microorganis are the general and common name of invisible microscopic organis, and have no taxonomic significance.