which of the following conditions can be considered as a brain death?
which of the following descriptions about sub-health is incorrect?
the factor which is essential to cause the disease and determine the specificity of the disease is called
which is wrong in the following description about the general rule of "injury and anti-injury response”?
diabetes insipidus patients are prone to appear:
the effect of hypotonic dehydration on patients does not include：
the correct description of edema is:
the mechani of sodium and water retention during edema is :
the condition does not lead to hyperkalemia：
the condition that does not lead to hypokalemia is:
the mechani of depolarization block in patients with hyperkalemia is：
patients with hypokalemia may appear：
1. the strongest buffer system which buffers volatile acids in blood is:
3. which of the following parameters is the best parameter to reflect h2co3 concentration in blood?
4. decreased ab and ab 5. the main site for nh4 production in renal tubules is:
6. the ph value of arterial blood depends mainly on plaa
7. which of the following diseases is not a cause of metabolic acidosis?
8. which of the following changes is not present in ketoacidosis?
9. which of the following changes is not present in pulmonary encephalopathy induced by copd?
10. metabolic alkalosis caused by severe vomiting is mainly compensated by:
1. the concept of hypoxia means
2. when isotonic hypoxemia occurs
3. which of the following hypoxia generally has no cyanosis?
4. which of the following conditions can cause enterogenous cyanosis?
5. hemic hypoxia does not occur in the following diseases
6. partial pressure of arterial blood oxygen refers to
8. oxygen binding capacity depends on
9. the mechani of cyanide poisoning leading to hypoxia is
10. the initiating factor for hypoxia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is
which of the following is not a pyrogenic activator? ( )
the most common exogenous pyrogens is : ( )
which one is the negative regulatory mediators? ( )
which kind of performance does not exist in the effervescence period. ( )
which clinical manifestations does not exist in patients with fever? ( )
which of the following cases with increased body temperature belongs to fever?
which of the following is the main pyrogenic substance in the gram-negative bacteria? ( )
the most common cause of fever during clinical infusion or blood transfusion is: ( )
changes of cardiovascular system during stress are ( )
the hormone decreased during stress is ( )
the central site of hypothalamus pituitary adrenal cortex system is ( )
the main cells that synthesize acute phase protein are ( )
the disease which is not stress related diseases is (d)
the main changes of digestive system in stress are ( )
respiratory burst refers to
what is wrong in the following description?
which of the following substances is not reactive oxygen species?
7. mitochondrial dna is more vulnerable to the attack of free radicals without the binding of
which of the following statements is wrong about ischemia-reperfusion?
which of the following enzymes can scavenge o2·ˉ?
which of the following is the most important factor to initiate the physiological coagulation process?
which of the following dysfunctions is not possibly caused by dic?
which of the following is not a direct cause of dic?
which of the following diseases is the most common cause of dic?
what is the most critical factor leading to dic?
which of the following is not a direct cause of bleeding in dic?
which of the following is not a typical clinical manifestation of acute dic?
which of the following is not the main mechani of shock from acute dic?
the cause of hypovolemic shock does not include
the cause of obstructive shock is
the cause of vasogenic shock is
the "autotransfusion" at the early stage of shock is due to
the "autoinfusion" at the early stage of shock is due to
shock index refers to
which of the following descriptions best fits the concept of heart failure：
the disease most prone to concentric hypertrophy is :
the mechani of lower extremity edema in patients with right heart failure does not include:
both the cause and the precipitating factor of heart failure are:
the most prominent clinical manifestation of left heart failure is:
the main difference betweenⅰtype of respiratory failure and ⅱtype of respiratory failure is ( )
respiratory insufficiency usually is ( )
obstructive hypoventilation can be seen in ( )
diagnostic criteria of ⅱ type of respiratory failure is （ ）
functional shunt refers to ( )
which one may occur in patients with vocal cord paralysis ( )
the early mechani of right heart failure after respiratory failure is mainly ( )
which one may occur in patients with severe pleural lesions ( )
hepatic insufficiency refers to ( )
hepatic failure refers to ( )
which metabolic disorder does not appear in hepatic insufficiency ( )
the cell that plays an important role in liver fibrosis is ( )
the concept of hepatic encephalopathy is ( )
1.the major cause of functional acute renal failure is: （ ）
3.which of the following conditions does not produce post-renal acute renal failure? （ ）
11.which of the following factors is not the pathogenesis of renal osteodystrophy? ( )
13.what is the earliest and most prominent symptom of uremia? ( )
15.oliguria refers to 24-hour urine volume less than ( )
17.a 69-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital due to elevated serum creatinine for 4 months and edema of both lower limbs for 3 months. he had a history of hypertension for 20 years and diabetes for 4 years. physical examination: high blood pressure, anemic appearance and depressed edema of both lower limbs. blood routine: red blood cells decreased, hemoglobin decreased. renal function: serum creatinine, urea nitrogen and uric acid nitrogen increased. endogenous creatinine clearance rate decreased. electrolyte: blood phosphorus increased, blood calcium decreased, blood sodium decreased, blood potassium increased. the most likely diagnosis of this patient is ( )
18.a 19-year-old male presented with oliguria for 2 days. physical examination revealed mild edema of the eyelids and bilateral depressed edema of the ankle joints. laboratory examination showed that urinary protein ( ), hyaline cast ( ), rbc ( ), wbc ( ), blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine increased, blood potassium increased, blood sodium decreased. what is the main pathogenesis of the disease? ( )
pathophysiology is the science of studying ( )
which of the following descriptions about sub-health is incorrect? ( )
the factor which is essential to cause the disease and determine the specificity of the disease is called ( )
diabetes insipidus patients are prone to appear: ( )
the correct description of edema is: ( )
the condition that does not lead to hypokalemia is:( )
patients with hypokalemia may appear： ( )
the strongest buffer system which buffers volatile acids in blood is: ( )
which of the following parameters is the best parameter to reflect h2co3 concentration in blood? ( )
decreased ab and ab metabolic alkalosis caused by severe vomiting is mainly compensated by: ( )
the concept of hypoxia means ( )
the mechani of cyanide poisoning leading to hypoxia is ( )
partial pressure of arterial blood oxygen refers to ( )
which of the following is not a pyrogenic activator? ( )
which one is the negative regulatory mediators? ( )
changes of cardiovascular system during stress are ( )
the cause of hypovolemic shock does not include ( )
the cause of vasogenic shock is ( )
the "autoinfusion" at the early stage of shock is due to ( )
which of the following descriptions best fits the concept of heart failure： ( )
both the cause and the precipitating factor of heart failure are: ( )
the main difference betweenⅰ type of respiratory failure and ⅱ type of respiratory failure is ( )
diagnostic criteria of ⅱ type of respiratory failure is （ ）
functional shunt refers to ( )
the early mechani of right heart failure after respiratory failure is mainly ( )
hepatic failure refers to ( )
which metabolic disorder does not appear in hepatic insufficiency( )
respiratory burst refers to ( )
.what is wrong in the following description? （ ）
the most common cause of chronic renal failure in china is ( )
polyuria refers to 24-hour urine volume exceeding ( )
when patients with chronic renal failure appear hypotonic urine, the highest relative density can only reach ( )
which of the following endocrine hormones is not produced by the kidney? ( )