which country is the largest part of great britain?
what is the capital of wales?
which of the following places of interests is not located in london?
the usa is country bordered on the east by the pacific ocean and to the west by the atlantic ocean.
there are totally 50 states in america.
new england in america is the first region where europeans settled.
the state of california is located in the northeast of the country.
the majority of the people of the u.k. is ____________.
__________ has the oldest black community in britain.
the united states has a large population of 323 million, which makes it the __________ populous nation in the world.
_____________ are the largest ethnic minority in the united states.
the language of english was brought by the normans to england during the 11th century.
the major isions are normally classified as english english, welsh english and scottish english in britain.
the english and welsh are both celtic language.
in the united states, spanish is the most common language in the country after english.
received pronunciation refers to a way of pronouncing standard english that is used by two percent of the _________ population.
which of the following is not american english？
which word is spelt in the american way?
which of the followings is not a commonly found mistake when chinese speak english?
which city is the largest financial centre in the u.k. after london?
what is the capital of wales?
which minority is regared as the “model minority” in america?
which of the following expression is typical british english?
the two main islands of the british isles are great britain and ireland.
new york is the capital of the united states.
the state of california is located in the northeast of the country.
chinese is the fourth most-spoken language in the usa.
english and welsh are both celtic languages.
there are ____________ countries in the u.k..
the capital of england is _________________.
the largest city in the u.s. is ________________.
in the united states, _________ is the most common language in the country after english.
what is the american english for the word autumn?
___________ tribes were ancestors of the highland scots, the irish and the welsh.
which of the followings were not brought the romans?
william i of england is a/an______.
recorded history of britain started from the time when the celts settled on the island.
the process of creating a single, unified kingdom of england could be said to have been achieved by_____________.
what is the nickname of queen mary i?
after henry viii，who succeeded his throne?
the reign of elizabeth i is called the ________ age.
during the second british emipre, ______________ were transported to australia continuously.
which of the following reasons is not accounting for the fall of the british empire?
at the peak of its power, the phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets" was often used to describe the british empire.
the earliest identified people lived in america is ____________.
it was believed that america was first discovered by ____________.
in 1620, the pilgrim fathers sailed for virginia on a ship called __________.
by 1733, english settlers had occupied _____ colonies along the atlantic coast.
the british government began to increase the economic exploitation of the colonies to ______________.
the event that triggered the war of independence is __________________.
after the civil war, ___________ , which had ided the country from its beginning, was abolished.
which of the following document is the one issued to free the slaves in america?
the british government began to increase the economic exploitation of the colonies to ______________.
the pilgrims signed an agreement called the _____________ in their journey to america, which incorporated the spirit of obedience to the common good.
the celtic tribes were ancestors of __________.
in history, which monarchs are given the title “the great?”
which of the following statements about the british empire are true?
which of the following statements about the american civil war are true?
the british empire established many private companies to administer colonies and oversea trade, the most famous one is east india company in india.
by 1733, english settlers had occupied 12 colonies along the atlantic coast.
british history before 55 bc is basically undocumented.
during the war, the fundamental documents of the us,____________________, was drafted and issued in 1776.
after the civil war, ___________ , which had ided the country from its beginning, was abolished, and slaves became free men since then .
which of the following document is the one issued to free the slaves in america?
the british government began to increase the economic exploitation of the colonies to ______________.
the pilgrims signed an agreement called the _____________ in their journey to america, which incorporated the spirit of obedience to the common good.
the celtic tribes were ancestors of __________.
in history, which monarchs are given the title “the great?”
which of the following statements about the british empire are true?
which of the following statements about the american civil war are true?
the british empire established many private companies to administer colonies and oversea trade, the most famous one is east india company in india.
by 1733, english settlers had occupied 12 colonies along the atlantic coast.
british history before 55 bc is basically undocumented.
during the war, the fundamental documents of the us,____________________, was drafted and issued in 1776.
after the civil war, ___________ , which had ided the country from its beginning, was abolished, and slaves became free men since then .
christopher columbus, _____ explorer, discovered america in 1492,
theoretically, the prime minster of the u.k. is chosen by the ___________.
the term for the prime minster in the u.k. is _______ years.
which two parties are the current major parties in britain?
which of the followings is not a prime minster of the conservative party？
which document outlines the basic political structure of the nation and settles the fundamental principles of the u.s.?
today any citizen who is at least ______ years old can vote.
__________________ is designed to ide the governmental power horizontally, i.e. separating power among the executive, legislative and judicial branches in the government of each level.
the bicameral congress of the us is made up of the ____________ and the house of representatives.
the symbol of the democratic party is a/an _______________.
the republican party in america is considered ____________ or “conservative”
which day is the election day in the us?
ethos， ________ and pathos is the winning formula in campaign speeches.
to become a member of the two major parties in america, one needs to ______________.
if a bill is vetoed by the president, the congress can override the veto by_______________.
the current monarch and head of state of the u.k. is _________.
which two parties are the current major parties in britain?
the bicameral congress of the us is made up of the ____________ and the ____________.
which two parties are the current major parties in the u.s.?
the presidential election in us is a direct election.
there is no nationwide system of government-owned medical facilities open to the general public but there are local government-owned medical facilities open to the general public.
the american government consists of three parts, or branches: the ___________, the legislative and the judicial.
which industry did the industrial revolution start from ?
the first industrial revolution originated from _______.
________ is the largest financial center just next to new york.
the ________ economy has for a long time been the largest and most important economy in the world.
the united states was the world’s largest manufacturer, and its manufacturing output was greater than that of the manufacturing output of china, india, and brazil combined in 2008.
the u.s. is the world’s greatest power is the world’s greatest debtor.
silicon valley is home to the following companies except_____.
the first light bulb that could glow for over 1,500 hours was invented in 1879 in the u.k.
america’s high-tech industry ranks first in the world and plays an important role in the country’s economic growth.
steve jobs has been named the second greatest innovator of all time, behind thomas edison, in the 2012, for his contribution in the introduction of _______.
british companies are active in all major fields of the manufacturing industry, particularly performing well in the following fields except ____________.
the united states is the ______ largest national economy in the world.
“jenny” was an early abbreviation of the word “________”
which of the following banks are british banks?
which of the following brand names are american?
the industrial revolution started from the textile industry in england.
america’s high-tech industry ranks first in the world and plays an important role in the country’s economic growth.
the is an executive branch agency, responsible for the nation’s civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research.
__________has been the u.s. largest food and agricultural state for nearly 50 years. (a state of the country)
_______________ is the largest stock exchange in the world by value of its listed companies’ securities
the national currency of the uk is the ____________.
during the middle age, schools in england were established to teach ___________ to the sons of the aristocracy.
education in great britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 and 15.
education in the united states is mainly provided by the public sector, with control and funding coming from three levels: federal, state, and local.
which university is the oldest one in the u.s.?
all british universities are partially funded by central government grants.
some of the world’s most famous and powerful men today are graduates of yale, such as george w. bush and john kerry.
the american universities select applicants for their undergraduate programmes based mainly on the following criteria except ______:
the application fee is less for the u.s university than a u.k. university.
comparatively speaking, the u.s. education is more idealistic. they adopt liberal education that requires students to think independently and promote general education.
how many years does it usually take for a student to do a master degree in the u.s.?
how many years does it take for a student to do a bachelor degree in the u.k.?
the american universities usually select applicants for their graduate programmes mainly based on the following criteria except ______:
which university is the oldest one in the u.k.?
elementary and secondary educationin the us, the basis of public education, are compulsory and are ided into _____ grades.
when the british pupils finish their secondary education at the age of 16, they are required to take a national exam called ___________ .
which subjects must the british pupils study ?
which of the following universities are located in the us?
the american universities select applicants for their undergraduate programmes based mainly on the following criteria ______:
the are two parallel school systems in britain are_______ and ________.
the scoring system is much looser in the uk than in the u.s..
students need to buy insurance by themselves once enrolled in british universities and it is a compulsory requirement for every student.
in undergraduate study, it is more difficult to apply for scholarship in uk than in the us.
massachusetts institute of technology (mit) is a private research university located in cambridge, u.k..
geoffrey chaucer was an alumnus of oxford university.
there are two parallel school systems in britain for primary and secondary education.
which of the following is not a film company in the u.s.?
_____________ is a neighborhood in the central region of los angeles, california. it is notable for its place as the home of the u.s. film industry.
as the movie industry moved into the new millennium, ______ films gained an increasing popularity such as avatar.
now there is a collection of free-to-air, free-to-view and subscription services over a variety of distribution media in the u.k..
british television differs from the american television in that programs do not generally have a long ‘season’ run of around 20 weeks.
_____________________ are the most prestigious awards given in the british television industry.
which social media is the most popular in the u.s.? - 未答
for most british people, most days begin with a look at the morning newspaper and a cup of coffee. -
the daily telegraph, a centre-right broadsheet paper, is the highest-selling of the "quality" newspapers.
__________ is a native american musical and verse form, and it is a combination of african work songs, field hollers and shouts.
the beatles, who helped to secure a major place for its country in the development of pop and rock music, is an american band.
scottish folk music includes many kinds of songs, including ballads and laments, sung by a single singer with accompaniment by _________, fiddles or harps.
the melding of rhythm and blues with country and western music in the mid-1950s gave birth to __________.
though originally a kind of dance music, _________ has been a major part of popular music, and has also become a major element of western classical music.
which of the following newspapers in the u.s. is the one that first exposed the watergate scandal in 1972? - 未答
the walt disney’s studio is a famous u.s. company, specializing in ___________. - 未答复
__________ is a typical reality tv show in america.
which of the following reason accounts for the success of hollywood ? - 未答复
which of the following companies are american film companies?
__________ are typical sit-coms in america.
which of the following female singers are american
the united states has the world’s largest music market. - 未
britain has had an impact on popular music disproportionate to its size, due to its linguistic and cultural links with many countries.
the times is the oldest weekly newspaper in the country.
newspapers are referred to as the p__________.
___________ , which is a house not joined to another house, is the most popular type for british. - 未答
the typical english food includes the followings except __________.
nowadays, a typical english breakfast consists of eggs, bacon, sausages, fried bread, mushrooms and baked beans all washed down with a cup of coffee.
in recent years, the religious share of christians is increasing. - 未答复
henry viii carried out a religious reform in england. he had the bible translated to english , and the people who believed in this new religion were called protestants .
the three largest religious groups by world population are islam, ____________ and buddhi.
in england, a dark haired person is asked to enter through the front door at midnight with salt, coal, and bread in his possession. and they believe coal suggests __________ in the new year.
which of the following christmas event is not typical british?
easter sunday falls on the second sunday of march.
when is the independent day of the u.s.?
every easter sunday, the president of the united states holds an annual easter egg hunt on the white house lawn for young children.
martin luther king jr. is most well-known for his ___________, and the martin luther king day is to memorize him.
the traditional easter gift to children in the u.k. is a ____________.
easter is the oldest and the most important christian festival, the celebration of the ________ of jesus christ.
which of the followings is considered bad luck in britain?
one may be called by typical affectionate names by the english people, such as________.
the two largest religious groups by world population are___________.
for british, if you are a guest, it is polite to wait until your host starts eating or indicates you should do so.
the family unit is generally considered the extended family, and it is typically big in america.
the majority of americans identify themselves as christians, while close to one third claim no religious affiliation.
the official birthday of queen elizabeth ii is marked each year by a military parade and march-past, known as trooping the colour.
thanksgiving dinner almost always includes some of the foods served at the first feast: roast turkey, cranberry sauce, potatoes, pumpkin pie.
which of the following sports did not begin in britain?
beginning in at least the 1960s, the uk had a reputation worldwide for football __________, which means disorderly, aggressive and often violent behaviour of spectators at sporting events.
the world's most famous tennis tournament is held in ____________ , u.k..
beer bars, sometimes called taverns in the u.k., are not allowed to sell _______.
in the u.k., it is customary to tip your waiter/waitress at the end of the meal, which is approx ________, though sometimes this is included in the bill.
in the uk, the term pub is more commonly used, and bars is more commonly used in the us.
___________is the most popular destination for uk residents for their holiday.
__________ are the most popular months for holidays in british people.
sundays used to be the one day of the week for ‘worship and rest’, but now people tend to spend their time shopping, gardening or diy.
the ______________ in london is one of the world’s largest and most important museums of human history and culture.
the fisherman’s wharf is located in __________ in the u.s.
the statue of liberty, a woman holding a torch and a book set on liberty island, is located at the entrance to____________.
the wedding of charles, prince of wales and lady diana spencer was held in the _____________.
to tip a barman or barmaid, it is customary to tell him to __________.
which sport is the most popular sport in america?
which of the following sports began in britain?
which of the following sports belong to the extreme sport?
the tower of london, officially her majesty’s royal palace and fortress of the tower of london, was used as a prison in the past.
beers are served in " halves " for a large glass and " pints " for a aller one.
the owner of a bar is called a landlord instead of a manager in the u.s..
rugby used to be only played by the rich upper classes, but now it is popular all over the country in the u.k..
the word ________ is short for public house.
the elizabeth tower, which is often referred to by the name of its main bell as ________, is an iconic landmark of london and the united kingdom.
of all the speech organs, the _______ is/are the most flexible.
the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.
since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.
the assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.
phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.
phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.
the rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.
distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.
when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.
when such simultaneous or overlapping articulation are involved, we call the process .
in producing a nasal the soft palate is lowered to allow airflow through the _____ .
the fact that the vowel in lamb has some quality of the following nasal is a phenomenon we call .
in coarticulation, if the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in lamb, it is known as .
when we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called a .
in english, the distinction between aspirated [pʰ] and unaspirated [p] is not phonemic.
in the word peak, /p/ is unaspirated, phonetically transcribed as [p].
aspiration is a distinctive feature in english.
in phonetic terms, phonemic transcriptions represent the “narrow” transcription.
speech is a continuous process, so the vocal organs do not move from one sound segment to the next in a series of separate steps.
simultaneous or overlapping articulations, as when the nasal quality of a nasal sound affects the preceding or following sound so that the latter becomes nasalized. if the affected sound becomes more like the following sound, it is known as anticipatory ; if the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound, it is perseverative .
distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ______.
a change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as ____.
distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.
a change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as .
the basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of . but it is an abstract unit. to be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
which of the following is not a suprasegmental feature?
in a syllable, a vowel often serves as ____________.
the word “digitalization” consists of _______ syllables.
distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.
the features that occur above the level of the segments and can distinguish meaning are called , which include syllable structure, stress, tone and intonation.
when pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as .
sound assimilation may bring about the loss of one of two phonetically similar syllables in sequence, as in the case of change of “engla-land” to “england”.
refers to the phenomenon of the loss of one of two phonetically similar syllables in sequence.
which of the following statements is not true?
the scope of linguistic study may be generally ided into ______________.
saussure made the distinction between _______________.
chomsky made the distinction between _______________.
language consists of the systems of sounds and grammar.
the actual production and comprehension of the speech by speakers of a language is called performance.
the fact that children can speak before they can read or write shows that language is arbitrary.
according to chomsky, a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence.
linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.
a description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation.
is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. most problems in are more concrete, involving the study of language acquisition especially in children and linguistic performance such as producing and comprehending utterances or sentences among s.
which of the following is not a frequently discussed design feature of language?
“i can refer to confucius even though he died 2000 years ago.” this shows that language has the design feature of __________.
the design feature of __________ refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level.
one of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentences he/she has never heard before. this property of language is called ________.
in broad terms, linguists agree to define language as a system of ____vocal symbols used for human communication.
by is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.
holds that language originates from the uttering of instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy.
holds that language originated from people’s imitations of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature.
the bow-wow theory is based on the fact that modern languages have some words with pronunciations which seem to echo natural souds.
now linguists have known the specific origins of human languages.
the yo-he-ho theory explains that language originated from the cries uttered during strain of work.
____________ nfocuses mainly on the biological basis of the formation and development of human language.
when people use language to express attitudes, feelings and emotions, people are using the ____________function of language.
which of the following is not a metafunction of language proposed by halliday?
the social functions of language do not include_______________.
the ______ function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishing a favorable atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.
“language operates by rules” is a fundamental view about language.
when people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the creative function of language.
according to halliday’s theory of metafunctions of language, interpersonal function enacts social relationship.
according to halliday's theory of metafunctions of language, language has ideational, interpersonal and textual function.
when people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the poetic function of language.
pair ___________ doesn’t form a minimal pair.
the study of the production of speech sounds is closely connected with ____________.
the study of the physical properties of speech sounds is closely connected with ____________.
the study of the perception of speech sounds is closely connected with .
pair is not in complementary distribution.
a single phoneme always represents a single morpheme.
when the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiced.
cave and shave forms a minimal pair.
phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, tranitted, and perceived.
the tongue is ided into five parts: the tip, the blade, the front, the back and the root.
the speech sound segments that can distinguish or contrast words in sound and meaning are s. (a is the minimal or allest distinctive linguistic unit in a language.)
refers to the different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. when two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in .
the classification and description of english consonants are based on ___________________.
according to the manner of articulation, [m] is a ___________.
in terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t], [n], [z] share the feature of ____________.
which of the following sounds is a bilabial?_____________.
which of the following sounds is an alveolar?_____________.
the difference between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of the airstream.
according to the manner of articulation, [s] is a fricative.
english consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.
according to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.
/d/ is a voiced alveolar stop.
are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to ert, impede or completely shut off the flow of the air in the oral cavity.
the classification and description of english vowels are based on ___________________.
the difference between vowels and consonants lies in ___________________.
can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.
s are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
derivational affixes are bound morphemes added to existing form to construct new words. english derivational affixes are ided into ________and _______.
in the word “unavailability”, ______________ is the root.
in today’s grammar we normally say that english does not have a “future tense”. this is because in english ________________.
the morpheme “vision” in the word “television” is a(n)____________.
which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes only?
morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning.
–ing is an “inflectional suffix”.
stems in english can be classified into derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes.
the bound morpheme in “apples” is an inflectional morpheme.
although is an open-class word.
refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further yzed without loss of identity. that is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed. and can be further classified into free root morpheme and bound root morpheme.
a morpheme, like a phoneme, is a linguistic abstraction, which must be realized as certain phonetic forms or variants in different phonetic environments. each of the phonetic forms or variants is a morph. a single morpheme may be phonetically realized as two or more morphs. the different morphs that represent or which are derived from one morpheme are called the of that morpheme.
__________can best describe the word formation processes of the following groups of words: table--tables, influenza--flu.
which of the following ways of word-formation does not change the grammatical class of the stem?
__________can best describe the word formation rules of the following group of words: to burgle (from burglar), eurodollar (from european dollar).
__________can best describe the following group of words: table—tables, day break—daybreak.
can best describe the following group of words: advertisement— ad, bicycle—bike.
“invention” is a form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial pan of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.
blending is a relatively complex form of compounding.
derivaiton does not change the grammatical class of the stem.
inflection shows a relationship between roots and affixes.
componential ysis is a method applied in the field of __________ .
can be defined as the study of meaning.
the naming theory is advanced by ________.
which of the following is not true?
___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.
in semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.
behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.
most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.
can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.
is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. it is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de contextualised.
means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis is what leech recognizes as ____________ meaning.
the same word has the same _____________ meaning to all the speakers of the same language.
“yellow” has different meanings to chinese or to western people, that is its ____________ meaning.
from a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use consists of what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.
leech says that makes up the central part.
is the first type of meaning recognized by leech, which he defined as the logical, cognitive, or denotative content. in other words, it overlaps to a large extent with the notion of reference. but leech also uses “sense” as a briefer term for this conceptual meaning. as a result, leech’s conceptual meaning has two sides: sense and reference.
“fall” and “autumn” are ___________________synonyms.
words that are close in meaning are called ______________.
the following are factors that help to produce near synonyms except .
refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.
which of the following is a pair of relational opposites?
“big” and “all” are ____________ antonyms.
“alive” and “dead” are ________.
is the name for oppositeness relation, which includes three main sub-types.
refers to the oppositeness of meaning. words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms. it can be ided into gradable antonymy, complementary antonymy, converse antonymy or relational opposites.
refer to those kind of antonyms which are complementary to each other. that is, they ide up the whole of a semantic field completely. not only the assertion of one means the denial of the other, the denial of one also means the assertion of the other. not only he is alive means “he is not dead”, he is not alive also means “he is dead.”
the lower terms for a superordinate are _____________.
the upper terms in the sense relation of hyponymy is called _____________.
the sense relation which holds the pair of words beef—meat is .
terms like “apple”, “banana” and “pear” are of the term “fruit”.
refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.
___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.
pupil (student) and pupil (of eye) are known as .
it’s everybody’s right, right? in this sentence, these two rights are .
words berry and bury are
the soldier decided to desert into the desert. here, these two deserts are .
the word “bow” can be used as noun and verb, so “bow”(as noun) and “bow” (as verb) are homographs.
homonymy can be ided into three types.
the word polysemy is of rigin (gk polys, much sema, meaning).
means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time.
of the three ways to express new ideas, new processes, new products, the simplest one is to .
there are processes leading to polysemy.
in english as in any language the number of meanings is larger than the number of words.
radiation and concatenation are processes leading to polysemy.
semantically, concatenation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.
radiation is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.
refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning. a word having more than one meaning is called polysemic word.
componential ysis is a method applied in the field of __________ .
the verb “take” can be yzed in the following way according to componential ysis.
when a child uses “mummy” to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy” means .
is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to yze word meaning. this approach is based on the belief that meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features or properties.
what semantic relation do the following sentences have? a. my daughter likes reading. b. i have a daughter.
x: he has been to france. y: he has been to europe. the relationship of x and y is ____________.
“can i borrow your bike?”_______ “you have a bike.”
“semantics is the scientific study of meaning” is a .
relation between propositions by which a presupposes b, if for a to have a truth value, b must be true is called .
the meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.
“it is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.
in grammatical ysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic ysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.
phrase structure rules have ____ properties.
phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.
the syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.
descriptive grammar refers to grammarian’s attempt to legislate what speakers’ grammatical rules should be, rather than what they are.
universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.
the syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
in a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.
which of the following is not included in the three classes of syntactic relations?
the theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________.
the sentence structure is ________.
refers to a relation holding between elements replaced with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.
constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.
sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.
what is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.
wh-movement is obligatory in english which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.
in a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.
the structural approach to the ysis of language is connected with____________.
phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.
immediate constituents analysis is a way to diantle a grammatical construction in .
refers to the ysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents – word groups (or phrases), which are in turn yzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.
which of the following is a right-headed endocentric compound?
typical endocentric constructions are not .
the three all children with children as its head, belongs to .
construction is the grammatical structure of a sentence or any aller unit, represented by a set of elements and relations between elements.
construction can be ided into two types: endocentric construction and exocentric construction.
exocentric construction is also called headed construction.
endocentric construction can be further ided into the following two types: subordinate endocentric construction and coordinate endocentric construction.
is just the opposite of endocentric construction. if refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable “centre” or “head” inside the group. exocentric construction usually includes basic sentence, prepositional phrase, predicate (verb object) construction, and connective (be complement) construction.
is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable centre or head.
syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.
_______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.
the representative figure of tg grammar is .
a grammar which consists of a set of statements or rules which specify which sequences of language are possible, and which impossible, is a grammar.
the generative-transformational grammar intends to account for the speaker’s linguistic competence.
it is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of d-structure.
are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.
is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of d-structure.